What is ESG Reporting?

Leveraging Data Science for Comprehensive and Effective Environmental, Social and Governance reporting of a company.

The article was originally published on Medium.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting is a method used by companies to disclose their governance structures, societal impacts and their environmental footprint.

As stakeholders are increasingly demanding corporate social responsibility (CSR), ESG reporting has become a critical part of companies’ long-term strategies.

In this article, we will delve into the details of ESG reporting to highlight the challenges associated with it and explore how data analytics can improve its accuracy.

I. Understanding ESG Reporting

What is ESG Reporting?

ESG Reporting is a form of non-financial reporting where organisations communicate their environmental performance (E), social responsibility (S) and governance structures strength (G) to their stakeholders.

These three dimensions provide an in-depth understanding of a company’s sustainability and ethical impacts.

For instance, a company might report the

• Carbon emissions of its supply chain (E)
• Initiatives for community development (S)
• Diversity of its board members (G)

Let’s have a look at this type of reporting from the data analytics point of view.

ESG Reporting Supported with Data

Let us consider a hypothetical global fashion retailer: I&N.

I&N is a fast fashion retailer producing garments, bags and accessories in factories located in Asia.

Stores (located in Europe) are delivered from local warehouses that are directly replenished by factories.

I&N is committed to sustainable practices (circular economy, renewable energy) and aims to build trust with its stakeholders through transparency.

Therefore, it regularly discloses its ESG performance in its annual sustainability report.

In its latest report, I&N discloses a number of key ESG metrics

(E): For the environmental segment, I&N reports

• The total greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2eq)
• The percentage of energy usage from renewable sources (%)

These indicators, which require advanced data processing, allow stakeholders to understand

• The environmental footprint of the products sold.
• The efforts to transition to cleaner energy sources.

Product Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a data-driven methodology that can be used to evaluate these environmental impacts from a product point of view.

The idea is to analyze each process from raw material extraction to product disposal.

For each process, we have a look at the

• Consumption of natural resources, raw materials and energy
• Emissions of pollutants and CO2
• Waste generated

💡 For more details about these analytics solutions,

• What is a Life Cycle Assessment?, Samir Saci, Blog Article
• Supply Chain Sustainability Reporting with Python, Samir Saci, Blog Article

(S): For the social component, the company details

• The number of community development initiatives it has launched
• An average employee satisfaction score indicates the well-being of its workforce.

How does our company disclose the average employee satisfaction score?

To obtain this metric, organizations traditionally rely on surveys which can often yield subjective and biased results.

Therefore, I&N decided to use Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Social Sentiment Analysis to analyze text data from employee reviews on platforms like Glassdoor or internal communication channels.

It can be also used on social media.

ESG sentiment analysis is a valuable tool used by investors to track the mood of stakeholders towards ESG issues and understand how these factors may impact a company’s stock price.

There are tools in the market that perform audits on social media and job platforms.

They employ advanced NLP techniques to get the perspectives of customers and employees on critical topics linked to a company.

(G): For the Governance domain, I&N discloses

• The number of independent board members
• The percentage of female representation on its board.

This helps auditors and investors assess the I&N’s commitment to fair and responsible governance.

Board Composition Analysis is a data-driven evaluation of the diversity and experience of the board members and the management.

This could be done by analyzing data linked to a set of selected managers considered key for the strategy of the company.

For instance, visuals can be built to analyze the diversity of the workforce using ethnicity distribution.

If I&N would like to promote gender equality, we can analyze the distribution of males and females manager by department.

These visuals can help identify potential areas of improvement and make a strong case for diversity and inclusion, which is a key aspect of good governance.

In the next section, we will see how advanced analytics can help companies overcome the challenges of ESG reporting.

II. Advanced Analytics for ESG Reporting

ESG reporting can be a complex task due to the lack of standardization in reporting practices and the difficulties in ensuring data accuracy.

Lack of Standardization

The first is the lack of standardized reporting frameworks can lead to inconsistencies in how different companies report their ESG performance.

For example, two companies may measure their environmental impact in completely different ways

• Company 1  is a plastic toys manufacturer
• Company 2 sells fresh fruits in convenience stores

These two companies report plastic usage reduction

• -55% for company 2 by using carton packaging for some items
• -10% for company 1 by changing the design of toys

However, how can you evaluate the effort and impact while the first company is using plastic as a raw material for its products?

💡 How can data analytics support standardization?

• Governmental entities can use databases of companies by industry and the environmental aspect of their products (Example: World Bank Database)
• Automated data pipelines can extract, process and deploy standardized reports using data from different sources

Now that you have a standard for your report, you need to ensure that the data used is reliable.

Accuracy and Reliability of ESG Data

With data coming from a multitude of sources, maintaining quality can be an arduous task.

Business Intelligence (BI) provides capabilities to process and analyze large volumes of data from different systems to support ESG reporting.

• Flat files from external suppliers, utility bills or operational files
• Manufacturing data from factories’ management systems
• Logistics and retail operations data from ERPs, WMS and TMS

In the example above, this data architecture is used to extract, process and store data to perform a Life Cycle Assessment.

The idea is to estimate the impacts of an item sold by

• Linking production outputs quantity with energy and resources usage
• Estimating CO2 and pollutant emissions from production to transportation
• Including additional non-financial indicators from suppliers and logistic operations

The ultimate goal is to automate the calculation of ESG indicators along the life cycle of products from raw materials extraction to disposal.

💡 Additional Insights
This can also support the traceability of the data used for your report.

For instance, I have implemented a system using file hashing to prove that a data source (from a freight forwarder) has not been modified in the process of CO2 emissions calculations.

As you may be audited, this is important to show data sources and prove that results have not been manipulated.

III. Data Science as a Game Changer

Beyond measuring and reporting, these technologies can help your organization to use the data generated by systems to get

• Prescriptive insights to support decision-making: select a supplier, budget allocation, supply chain network design
• Predictive analytics to help firms anticipate and mitigate future ESG risks

Example 1: Sustainable Sourcing

This is the process of integrating social, ethical and environmental performance factors when selecting suppliers of products or services.

For each supplier, I&N has a set of scores measuring

• Usage of natural resources (water, cotton)
• Pollutants and CO2 emissions
• Social and governance compliance

With advanced analytics, you can automate the full process of

• Collection of data from suppliers
  Example: sustainability KPIs (CO2, natural resources, Environmental Footprint), social and governance indicators
• Suppliers' assessment based on ESG and business indicators
  Example: fixed and variable costs, quality, social responsibility
• Decision-making using linear programming
  Example: decide the set of suppliers that minimize the profit while respecting minimum levels of ESG scores

This is a real game changer as it can support procurement teams to align their sourcing strategy with the company's ESG roadmap.

💡 For more details about analytics for sustainable sourcing,

• What is Sustainable Sourcing?, Samir Saci, Blog Article

Example 2: ESG-Friendly Budget Planning

Linear programming can also help you to direct your investments in projects that will help support the company’s ESG roadmap.

Let us imagine the scenario of the budget allocation of an international logistics company.

A Regional Director receives budget applications from 17 warehouse managers for projects covering impacting the next three years.

For each budget application, the manager includes

• A description of the project (equipment purchase, renovation, …)
• Yearly budget for the next three years
• Return On Investment = (Cost Reduction + Additional Turnover) — (Total Cost)
• Additional benefits impacting business development, productivity or ESG indicators

Our director needs to decide on which project(s) to allocate her budget based on the financial aspect (ROI) and ESG criterion.

How to maximize the Return On Investment while meeting ESG requirements?

With linear programming, we can automate the process of selecting the projects that will maximize the ROI while respecting constraints on CSR, HSE or sustainability.

• Parameters: boolean values for each project (1: selected, 0: not selected)
• Constraints: business development and ESG benefits
• Objective function: maximize the ROI

By putting the ESG targets set by the top management, our director can ensure that the projects selected will support the company’s long-term strategy.

💡 For more details about ESG-friendly budget planning,

• Automate Budget Planning Using Linear Programming, Samir Saci, Blog Article

Example 3: Supply Chain Network Optimization

A great way to improve your ESG score is to boost your green and ethical transformation.

Sustainable Supply Chain Optimization is an exciting approach combining cost-effectiveness with sustainability.

You have,

1. Demand for each market location in (Units/Month)
2. A set of potential manufacturing sites with different production costs, environmental impacts, social and governance scores
3. Constraints on environmental footprint per unit, social and governance scores

What is the most sustainable (and economically viable ) combination?

With advanced analytics, you can design a tool to test several scenarios

• What if I want to minimize costs?
  Can I meet my ESG targets?
• What if I want to minimize CO2 emissions?
  Can I keep my profitability level?

I have implemented such a model on a web application deployed online:

1. Upload your market demand data: (Units) per Market
2. Add your manufacturing footprint data: factories by location with (costs, CO2 emissions, resources Usage and Social Scores)
3. Select the objective function: minimize the cost, CO2 emissions or resources usage

You can quickly switch from one objective to another to decide what is the most viable solution.

💡 If you want to try this tool, I have shared a POC accessible online

I hope these examples gave you an idea of how data analytics can help you to improve ESG reporting and reach the targets fixed by your top management.

III. Conclusion

As ESG reporting becomes increasingly prevalent, the role of data analytics in enhancing its accuracy and efficiency is set to grow.

The future may see the development of advanced solutions tailored specifically for ESG reporting.

These solutions could automate the entire ESG reporting process, from data collection to analysis and decision-making.

By leveraging these tools, companies can not only improve their ESG reporting but also gain valuable insights to drive their sustainability strategies.

About Me

Let’s connect on Linkedin and Twitter, I am a Supply Chain Engineer using data analytics to improve logistics operations and reduce costs.