What Greenwashing Is, and How We Can Use Analytics to Detect It

Explore how data analytics can help us to detect and prevent greenwashing to promote genuine sustainability.

The article was originally published on Medium.

Greenwashing is the practice of making misleading claims about the environmental benefits of a product or a service to communicate a false image of sustainability.

This act of embellishment or hiding falsehood has become a common challenge as companies seek the attention of environmentally conscious consumers.

In this article, we will delve into the world of greenwashing to explain its manifestations and how to use data analytics to detect and prevent these unethical practices.

I. Understanding Greenwashing

I discovered Greenwashing when I conducted my first supply chain sustainability project.

As a Supply Chain Solution Manager, my task was to estimate the environmental footprint of the manufacturing and logistics operations of our customers.

And it was surprising to see the claims of some of their competitors considering that they were producing and selling similar products.

How can a company selling disposable plastic products can claim to be carbon neutral?

The objective of this article is to show you how analytics tools can help you to detect this kind of false claims.

1. What is Greenwashing?

Greenwashing is a portmanteau word of ‘green’ and ‘whitewashing’.

This dishonest practice is used by organizations to create a false impression of environmental responsibility.

The objective is to capitalize on the growing demand for eco-friendly products from customers and investors.

The most common forms of greenwashing include,

• Vagueness: undefined terms such as ‘eco-friendly’ or ‘all-natural’ used without clear definitions or evidence.
  For example, a company labels a product as ‘100% natural’ without disclosing that the natural materials were unsustainably sourced.
• Irrelevance: highlighting an eco-friendly attribute that is either unimportant or unrelated to the product’s environmental impact.
  For example, a company emphasises that its product is ‘CFC-free’ while Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned for decades.
• Hidden trade-offs: promoting one environmentally-friendly aspect of a product while ignoring other significant impacts
  For example, a paper company promotes its use of recycled paper without mentioning energy consumption and carbon emissions for production and logistics.

When you see an advertisement for a naturally sourced recycled t-shirt, consider:

• The amount of energy, electricity and water used to source these “natural raw materials”
• The additional CO2 emissions and waste generated by the recycling process

With life cycle assessment (LCA), you have a data-driven method to evaluate these impacts considering the entire life cycle of the product and avoid this kind of trap.

The idea is to estimate the environmental impact of sourcing, producing and using a specific product or service.

This requires collecting and processing data from multiple sources using Business Intelligence tools.

💡 For more details,

• What is a Life Cycle Assessment?, Samir Saci,

2. Examples of Greenwashing

Several high-profile cases have brought greenwashing into the spotlight.

• A large car manufacturer was found guilty of using software in their vehicles to cheat emissions tests on cars marketed as “environmentally friendly”.
• A famous water company advertised its product as “carbon-negative” without acknowledging the environmental cost of transporting bottled water from Fiji Island to global markets.

The second one can be easily debunked using basic supply chain analytics and publicly available data.

How?

1. Estimate sales volumes by market using the financial reports
2. Calculate the emissions per bottle using the GHG protocol for the transportation from manufacturing plants to markets
3. Compare the results with the figures published by the company

💡 For more details,

• Supply Chain Sustainability Reporting with Python, Link

3. Greenwashing x Data Analytics

Understanding the various forms and implications of greenwashing is crucial to implement proactive measures to tackle this problem.

While regulatory bodies and conscious consumers play a significant role in this fight, data analytics can be an additional boost to automate fraud detection.

The idea is to use…

• Publicly available data: financial and sustainability reports, footprint databases, social media
• Advanced analytics models including NLP, forecasting or statistical models to detect fraud

In the following sections, we will explore how to use these tools to promote a more transparent and sustainable corporate world.

II. Data Analytics for Greenwashing Detection

1. The difficult task of detection

Identifying greenwashing is a complex task given the complexity of its manifestation and the overwhelming volume of information available.

Data analytics can provide powerful tools capable of filtering large datasets to identify patterns and anomalies to extract valuable insights.

In the following sections, we will explore how to use these solutions using an example of potential fraud.

2. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

A primary application of NLP in greenwashing detection is sentiment analysis.

Let us consider the example of major oil companies.

They regularly publish sustainability reports and press releases that highlight their commitment to environmental protection.

The data at our disposal consists of these pdf documents available on their websites.

An NLP sentiment analysis model can evaluate the sentiment behind these statements.

💡 How to detect greenwashing?
If the statements carry overly positive sentiments not reflected in the actual environmental performance metrics, it could be a sign of greenwashing.

For instance, in the example above

• Total CO2 emissions exploded in 2020: +26k Tons of CO2eq
• However, the sentiment score kept increasing

There is a contradiction between the actual sustainability performance and the narrative sold in the report.

3. Change Point Analysis

Change point analysis identifies the points in a data sequence where the statistical properties change.

For instance, a major automobile manufacturer reports a sudden decrease in its CO2 emissions.

The available data would include a time series of the company’s reported emissions and manufacturing outputs.

💡 How to detect greenwashing?
Change point analysis can detect if these reductions correspond to

• Legitimate and continuous sustainability efforts
• Temporary this may be suggesting greenwashing

I have used a CO2 emissions dummy data set and applied the Python library ruptures:

It has detected a major change in the 9th year, which we should investigate.

This is an initial assessment, the reduction may be due to the impact of actual initiatives.

And you can verify it in the detailed initiatives shared in the sustainability report.

💡 Check the code to get this visual,

• Change Point Analysis, GitHub

4. Regression Analysis

Regression analysis can help establish relationships between different variables.

For instance, a major fashion brand reports sustainability expenditure (Euros) and waste production levels (Tons).

💡 How to detect greenwashing?
A regression model can identify whether increases in sustainability expenditure are leading to proportionate decreases in waste production.

If not, this could be an indication of greenwashing and this requires advanced investigations

• This is not an univariate problem as waste can be impacted by many other parameters (product design, raw materials, …)
• A product-centred approach (LCA) is preferred to track how expenditures are affecting the environmental footprint along the supply chain

5. Network Analysis

Network analysis helps to understand relationships between entities in a network.

A company in the electronics sector might claim that its products are sourced from sustainable and ethical suppliers.

💡 How to detect greenwashing?
The data here would include the company’s supplier network and third-party reports on supplier practices.

Using network analysis, we can scrutinize the sustainability KPIs (ESG scores for instance) of the suppliers and the connections between them.

If there are nodes in the network with questionable sustainability practices, this could imply potential greenwashing.

💡 For more details on how to implement a network graph with Python:

• Transportation Network Analysis with Graph Theory, Link

This gives you an initial understanding of how to use advanced analytics to automatically detect greenwashing and fraud using publicly available data.

III. Conclusion

The End of Greenwashing?

As we look towards future ESG regulations, the connection between greenwashing and data analytics is set to take a significant turn.

As the awareness of sustainability among customers and investors is growing, corporations will find it risky to hide behind vague or misleading sustainability claims.

Therefore, greenwashing will face significant challenges in an increasingly data-driven world.

Data Analytics for Footprint Reduction

Instead of building false claims, companies can use advanced analytics to design and implement initiatives that will provide concrete results.

For instance, Sustainable Supply Chain Optimization is a data-driven approach combining cost reductions and footprint reduction.

Let’s imagine that your company is producing and selling items all around the world.

Where to locate your factories and distribution centers?

This is an optimization model considering,

• Demand for each market location in (Units/Month)
• All the potential manufacturing sites with their production costs, environmental footprint (CO2, resources), ESG scores
• Constraints on environmental footprint per unit, social and governance scores

What is the most sustainable (and economically viable ) combination?

• To minimize costs if you want to focus on profitability
  Can we respect environmental targets?
• To minimize CO2 emissions if you want to focus on sustainability
  Can we keep our profitability level?

💡 For more information,

• Create a Sustainable Supply Chain Optimization Web App, Samir Saci, Towards Data Science

References

• Supply Chain Sustainability Reporting with Python, Samir Saci
• Transportation Network Analysis with Graph Theory, Samir Saci
• Create a Sustainable Supply Chain Optimization Web App, Samir Saci, Towards Data Science
• The Sins of Greenwashing: Home and Family Edition, Environmental Marketing
• Greening the supply chain, Sarkis J